发展中国家建筑利用太阳能和风能技术的持续环境应用研究
发展中国家建筑利用太阳能和风能技术的持续环境应用研究【摘要】:能源是人们生活发展的一项基本要求,可是在发展中国家还是有过半农村人口没有电用,也没有其他现代化的商业能源。一些国家的人
【学位授予单位】:同济大学
【学位级别】:博士
【学位授予年份】:2005
【分类号】:TU18
【目录】:
- Dedication15-16
- Abstract(English Version)16-19
- Abstract(Chinese Version)19-24
- Preface24-30
- Acknowledgement(English & Chinese)30-32
- 致谢32-33
- about the Author33-36
- Historical Background of Development of Solar and Wind Energy.36-52
- Translated(English & Chinese Versions)Introduction & Problem Content:(Translated Chinese Versions)52-61
- CHAPTER:161-88
- 1.0.0 Introduction介绍61-62
- 1.2.0 The problem content62
- 1.2.1 Public Health and Household Energy62-65
- 1.2.2 Burden of diseese65-66
- 1.2.3 The problem of indoor air pollution66-67
- 1.2.4 Health impacts67
- 1.2.5 Objectives, Goal And Significance Of67-68
- 1.2.6 Basic Meaning And Keys For Achieving Sustainability Case Study-From The United Kingdom68-69
- 1.3.0 The State Of Sustainable Energy Demand in Ghana69-73
- 1.3.1 The State Of Sustainable Energy Demand in China(China Medium And Long Term Energy Conservation Plan)73-74
- 1.3.2 Enegry Utilization In China-The Current Situation74-81
- 1.3.3 Energy Flowchart In United Kingdom(Reference).81-83
- 1.4.0 Urban And Physical Systems Of Cities83-85
- 1.4.1 Subaysteme Of The Physical Systems85-86
- 1.4.2 The Three Perspectives On Energy.86
- 1.4.3 A Socio-Cultural Perspective86-87
- 1.4.4 importance of Energy Conservation87-88
- CHAPTER:288-111
- 2.0.0 The Essential Role of the Atmospheric Control88
- 2.1.0 Global Warming and its causes88-89
- 2.2.0 Urban Heat Island Effects89
- 2.2.1 Why Should Cities and Counties Care about Urban Heat Islands?89-90
- 2.2.2 Global Warming:90
- 2.2.3. Causes Of Urban Heat Islands90-94
- 2.2.3.1 High Temperatures91-92
- 2.2.3.2 Human Activity Increasing Heat Island Temperatures.92
- 2.2.3.3 Effects of Wind And Clouds On Heat Island Formation.92-93
- 2.2.3.4 Influences Of Geographical Location And Climate93
- 2.2.3.5 Seasons change heat islands93-94
- 2.2.3.6 Human activity increasing heat island temperatures94
- 2.2.4 How do heat islands impact cities?94
- 2.2.5 Impact Of Heat islands On human94-95
- 2.3.0 Reference Case Study-United States95-96
- 2.3.1 Problems with the "Heat Island Effect96-97
- 2.3.1.1 Air Quality96-97
- 2.3.4 Energy Use97
- 2.3.5 High Temperatures97-98
- 2.3.6 Effect Of Urban heat islands On Global Climate98-99
- 2.4.0 Climate: The Green House Effect99
- 2.4.1 What Are Greenhouse Gases?99
- 2.4.2 Sources of Greenhouse Gases99-101
- 2.4.4 Why are greenhouse gas concentrations increasing?101
- 2.4.5 The Changing Climatic Details101-102
- 2.4.6 Living with Uncertainty102
- 2.5.0 Emissions102-103
- 2.5.1 The '2030 Crunch'103-104
- 2.5.2 Impacts Of Rising Global Temperatures104-105
- 2.6.0 Energy For Rural Development In Africa105
- 2.6.1 Current Reference Case Study: United Nations Project Finds Thousands Of Megawatts of Solar, Wind Energy Potential In 13 Developing Countries105-107
- 2.6.2 The importance Of Energy107-108
- 2.6.3 Brown versus Green Energy Supply108
- 2.6.4 Reasons for Energy Consumption108-109
- 2.6.5 Control of Heating and Cooling Systems109-110
- 2.6.6 Energy Distribution Energy110
- 2.6.7 Hours of Operation110-111
- CHAPTER:3111-117
- 3.0.0 What is Renewable (Green) Energy?111-112
- 3.1.0 Renewable Energy112
- 3.1.1 Ethical, scientific and technological considerations112-113
- 3.1.2 Renewable Technologies113
- 3.1.3 Renewables are not new113
- 3.1.4 Why is Renewable Energy important113-114
- 3.1.5 Renewing Sustainable Development114-115
- 3.1.6 Environmental Benefits:115-116
- 3.1.7 Energy for our Children's children116
- 3.1.8 Benefits:Jobs and the Economy.116-117
- CHAPTER:4117-129
- 4.0.0 Meaning Of Solar Architecture-Passive Cooling117-118
- 4.1.0 The Basic Concept of Solar Energy118-119
- 4.2.1 Summer Comfort In A Hot Dry Climate-Use Of Courtyard119-120
- 4.3.0 What are Photovoltaics?120-121
- 4.3.1 Photovoltaic cells and modules121-122
- 4.3.2 Sizing a PV System122-123
- 4.3.3 Cost of PV System:123-124
- 4.3.4 Solar heating124
- 4.3.5 Solar electricity124-126
- 4.3.5.1 Photovoltaic cells history124-125
- 4.3.5.2 Space Heating125
- 4.3.5.3 Domestic Hot Water125-126
- 4.3.6 Photovoltaic Cells History126-127
- 4.3.7. Photovoltaics in Horthern Climates127-128
- 4.3.8 Photovoitaics in Developing Countries128
- 4.3.9 Energy for people living far from the grid128-129
- CHAPTER:5129-163
- 5.0.0 CASE STUDY 1-CHINA129
- 5.1.0 China's Position On Renewable Energy129-130
- 5.1.1 China's Position On Renewable Energy (Chinese Translated Version)130-131
- 5.2.0. Shanghai Ecologically-Safe Demonstrational Building Synopsis131-141
- 5.2.1 Brief History Of Research On Application Of Solar Energy In Potential Cities In China.141-142
- 5.2.2 Climates of Beijing and Shanghai142-146
- 5.2.3 Comfort Zones and Building Bio-Climatic Charts146-147
- 5.2.4 Acclimatization147
- 5.2.5. Daytime ventilation147-148
- 5.2.6 China's Goal of Sustainable Development in Energy148-149
- 5.2.7 State-of-the-art technology for renewable energy in China149
- 5.2.8 Helping Both The Economy And The Environment Of China149-150
- 5.2.9 The Energy Dilemma And Sustainable Answers For China150
- 5.3.0 Energy and Safety in China150-152
- 5.3.1 Technical Opportunity152-153
- 5.3.2 Role of the consumers153-154
- 5.3.3 Suggested Policies to Drive Adoption of Sustainable Buildings154-155
- 5.3.4 Passive and low energy cooling systems155
- 5.3.5 Nocturnal Ventilation155-156
- 5.3.6 Direct and Indirect Evaporative Cooling156
- 5.4.0 Approach to Design156-157
- 5.4.1 Design Strategies157
- 5.4.2 Orientation157
- 5.4.3 Ventilation157-158
- 5.4.4 Insulation158
- 5.4.5 Building Envelope158-159
- 5.4.6 Heating Strategies159-162
- 5.4.6.1 Solar collection159-160
- 5.4.6.2 Heat storage160
- 5.4.6.3 Heat conservation160-161
- 5.4.6.4 Heat distribution161
- 5.4.6.5 Great Wall Demonstration/Education Site161-162
- 5.5.0 The Future Of China Sustainable Energy Development162-163
- CHAPTER:6163-171
- 6.0.0 Case Study 2: Ghana (West Africa)163
- 6.1.0 Ghana Government's National Environmental Action Plan.163-164
- 6.1.1 Ghana's Future Vision for the year 2020 Projects164-165
- 6.1.2 Geographical Position Of Ghana165-166
- 6.1.3 Ghana Part Of Solar And Wind Energy Survey166-167
- 6.2.0 State Of Housing Delivery In Ghana167-168
- 6.2.1 Global Village Concept on Solar Energy in Ghana168-171
- 6.2.3 The State Of Renewable Energy Usage In Ghana.171
- CHAPTER:7171-183
- 7.0.0 The Authors Personal SuggesUons on the Applications Of Solar Photovoltaic Technology in Ghana.171
- 7.1.0 Application to Commercial Buildings- Offices171-172
- 7.1.1 Use Shopping Centres and Banks172
- 7.1.2 Efficient use in Churches and other Social Gathering172-173
- 7.1.3 Use in Communication Centres and Internet Cafe's.173
- 7.1.4 Use in household, hospitals and Community Health Centres173
- 7.1.5 Use for Powering Cold Stores and Street lighting173-174
- 7.1.6 Use in Light Industrial Activities174
- 7.2.0 Further suggesUons174
- 7.2.1 Educational, Economic and Social Benefits174
- 7.2.2 Environmental Benefits174-175
- 7.2.3 Private Sector Participation175
- 7.3.0 Policies to implement175
- 7.3.1 Manpower Development and Funding175
- 7.3.2 Removing Bureaucratic Obstacles and Public Involvement175
- 7.4.0 Advantages to the Use of Solar Energy Technologies175-177
- 7.5.0 Authors Personal Suggestions to encourage the increasing Use of Solar Energy Technologies177
- 7.5.1 Governmental Bodies177-178
- 7.5.2. By individuals178
- 7.5.3. By Business and Industry178
- 7.5.4 Low cost measures to adopt178-179
- 7.5.5 Public Education and information Dissemination179-180
- 7.6.0 Practical demonstration of Solar Power and its application For Three Communities in Ghana.180-181
- 7.6.1 Disadvantages181-182
- 7.7.0 Case Study 3: References From Other Ecological Cities in Germany, Australia, Britain, Canada, Japan, and Hong kong182-183
- CHAPTER:8183-255
- 8.0.0 International Energy- Efficiency Standards183-184
- 8.1.0 Building Energy Management184-185
- 8.1.1 Sample of Lighting Power Budget-Building Interior Lighting185
- 8.1.2 Energy Efficiency185-186
- 8.1.3 Comparism of Effective Energy Flux Density Wind and Solar Energy186-188
- 8.2.0 Passive solar energy (Heating and Cooling).188-189
- 8.2.1 Passive solar heating189-192
- 8.2.2 Design of Passive Solar Heated Buildings192-196
- 8.2.2.1 General Recommendations for Design of Passive Solar Heated Buildings194-196
- 8.2.3.2 Applications:196
- 8.2.3 Design objectives for providing high and low rise housing for Shanghai which meets social, environmental and economic sustainability criteria.196-216
- 8.2.3.1 Design Criteria196-197
- 8.2.3.2 Temperature and Humidity197-199
- 8.2.3.3 A Sample Design Of A Sustainable High.rise Building With Neighborhood Courtyards In Shanghai-Pudong.199
- 8.2.3.4 Shanghai and Pudong (Brief Introduction)199-200
- 8.2.3.5 Energy Strategy and Concept200-202
- 8.2.3.6 DESIGN OBJECTIVES202-203
- 8.2.3.7 Design Process203-208
- 8.2.3.8 Simulation Results208-211
- 8.2.3.9 Conclusion211-216
- 8.2.4 Characteristics And Benefits Of Passive Solar Heating Design216-217
- 8.2.5 Passive Solar Heating of skin-load dominated structures in temperate and cold climates217-218
- 8.2.6. Alternative Heat Exchangers218-221
- 8.2.7 Passive Solar Cooling221
- 8.2.8 General Design Principles221-222
- 8.2.9 Passive Design Considerations222-223
- 8.3.0 Heat Loss Through Windows223-224
- 8.3.1 Floor Plan And Building Form224
- 8.3.2 Specific Climate Design Principles-Hot Humid (Tropical) Climates224-225
- 8.3.3 Hot Arid Climates (Mild And Cold Winter)225-226
- 8.3.4 Sub-Tropical Climates226-228
- 8.3.5a. Natural Cooling Sources228
- 8.3.5b. Air Movement228
- 8.3.6 Cooling Breezes228-229
- 8.3.7 Convective Air Movement229
- 8.3.8 Use of Fans to supplement breezes during still air periods229-230
- 8.3.9 Evaporative Cooling230-231
- 8.4.0 Orientation231-232
- 8.4.1 Collector Orientation232-233
- 8.4.2 Principles Of Good Orientation233-234
- 8.4.3 Deciding The Best Orientation234-235
- 8.4.4 Choosing a Site235-237
- 8.4.5 Orientation For Passive Cooling237-238
- 8.5.0 important Applications Of Passive Solar Design; an example in United States of America.238-239
- 8.5.1 Solar Access and Area Calculations239-240
- 8.5.2. Application of Passive Solar Building principles through Design240-241
- 8.5.3 Sustainable Home Design241
- 8.5.4 Glazing241-244
- 8.5.5 Alternative Considerations for lowering Cost244-245
- 8.5.6 Earth Coupling245-246
- 8.5.7 Fixed Shading For Passive Solar Access246-249
- 8.5.8 Adjustable Shading249
- 8.6.0 Northern Elevations249
- 8.6.1 Eastern & Westem Elevations249
- 8.6.2 North-East & North-West Elevations249-250
- 8.6.3 Hot Dry Clirnatic Design Guidelines250-251
- 8.6.4 Cool Tempearte Climtaes Design Guidelines251
- 8.6.5 Climates Specific Responses for Solar and Wind Energy combinations251
- 8.7.0 Daylighting251-252
- 8.7.1 How It Works252-254
- 8.7.2 Advantages254-255
- 8.7.3 Disadvantages255
- CHAPTER:9255-268
- 9.0.0 Through The Application Of (The Energy-10) Design Software Principles255-256
- 9.1.0. How it Works256-257
- 9.1.1 Predesign257
- 9.1.2 Preliminary Design257-258
- 9.1.3 Keeping a Record258-259
- 9.1.4 Perspective259-260
- 9.1.5 Automated Tasks260-262
- 9.1.6 Graphic Output262-263
- 9.1.7 Key ENERGY-10 Features263-265
- 9.1.8 Simulation Analysis265-268
- CHAPTER:10268-272
- 10.0.0 By Means Of Installation Of Solar Equipments On Existing Buildings268
- 10.1.1 Detail Description of Definitions And Installation Of Solar Panel268-269
- 10.1.2 Step By Step Installation Of Solar P.V. Equipments269-272
- CHAPTER:11272-284
- 11.0.0 Wind Energy-Introduction272
- 11.1.0 What Is Wind?272-275
- 11.1.1 Some Characteristics Of Natural Wind275-276
- 11.1.2 Causes Of Wind276-278
- 11.2.0 Wind Energy-Energy from Moving Air278-279
- 11.2.1 Geography and Wind279-280
- 11.2.2 Surface Roughness: How To Calculate Wind Speed280-282
- 12.2.3 Trees and Buildings282-283
- 12.2.4 Vegetative Indicators of Wind283-284
- CHAPTER:12284-297
- 12.3.0 Measuring Wind284-285
- 12.3.1 Who should take the measurements?285
- 12.3.2 What should be measured?285
- 12.3.3 What instruments should be used?285-287
- 12.3.4 Where should measurements be taken?287
- 12.3.5 For how long should measurements be taken?287
- 12.3.6 Tips for Short Term Monitoring287-288
- 12.3.7 How to Analyse Wind Data288-289
- 12.4.0 Case Study in the United States289
- 12.4.1 Case Study in Ghana. Ghana Wind Energy Project289-290
- 12.4.2 Objectives290-292
- 12.4.3 Major Case Study-The Energy Commission (EC) Of Ghana.292
- 12.4.4 Identified Potential Areas for Wind Energy Production in Ghana292
- 12.4.5 Purpose of the United Nation's Environment Project on Global Environment292
- 12.4.6 Monthly Mean Wind Speed in Ghana292-293
- 12.4.7 Main tasks of SWERA (Solar and Wind Energy Resources Assessment)293
- 12.4.8 Achievements Under The SWERA Project293-294
- 12.4.9 Wind power for your home294-295
- 12.5.0 Brief Description Of A Wind Turbine295
- 12.5.1 Types of Windmills295-296
- 12.5.2 Wind Power Plants296-297
- 12.5.3 Wind Resources297
- CHAPTER:13297-315
- 13.0.0 Wind Production297-299
- 13.1.0 Wind Energy Economics299
- 13.1.1 Wind And the Environment299
- 13.2.0 The Wind Environment Of Buildings299
- 13.2.1. Effect Of Wind on buildings-299-302
- 13.2.2 The Experimental research on Wind Tunnel load Of Xiamen Jiageng gymnasium building surface and screened wall302
- 13.2.3 Introduction302
- 13.2.4 Physical Description Of the Structure of the Gymnasium Model302-305
- 13.2.5 Environmental Criteria established from the Wind Tunnel Project Results305-309
- 13.2.6 Conclusions and brief details from the Wind Tunnel Experiment309-311
- 13.2.7 The Beaufort Wind Scale311-312
- 13.2.7a Beaufort Scale Table: Specifications and equivalent speeds for use on land.311-312
- 13.2.8 Environmental Aspects312
- 13.2.9 Noise312-313
- 13.3.0 Television and Radio Interference313
- 13.3.1 Birds Interference313
- 13.3.2 Visual effects313-314
- 13.3.3 Integration into supply networks314-315
- CHAPTER:14315-332
- 14.0.0 ConCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS315-316
- 14.1.0 Future Developments316
- 14.1.1 COUNTRY NOTES316-332
- CHAPTER:15 MISCELLANEOUS:332-344
- 15.0.0 Ventilation Design Study and ConcePtual Diagarm:332
- 15.1.0 Summer-Day,夏季-日332-333
- 15.1.1 Summer-Night,夏季-夜333-334
- 15.11.2 Summer-Day,冬季-日334-335
- 15.1.3 Winter-Night,冬季-夜335-336
- 15.1.4 Garden Plan,花圈平面图336-337
- 15.1.5 First Floor Plan,一楼平面图337-338
- 15.1.6 Second Floor Plan,二楼平面图338-339
- 15.1.7 Third Floor Plan,三楼平面图339-340
- 15.1.8 Section BB’,BB'剖面图340-341
- 15.1.9 Section CC',CC'剖面图341-342
- 15.2.0 Roof Plan,天台平面图342-343
- 15.2.1 Passive Ventilation in Winter,冬季被动式通风343-344
- CHAPTER:16344-360
- 16.0.0 REFERENCES344-348
- 16.1.0 List of Figures348-350
- 16.1.1 List of Diagrams350-356
- 16.1.2 List of Tables356
- 16.1.3 List of Plates356-358
- 16.1.4 List of Illustrations (Pictures)358-360
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